Aim: The objective of this narrative review was to describe the versatile links between mental status and sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: We searched randomized controlled studies, observational studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and case reports written in English in PubMed during 2015 - 2021. Additionally, to ensure the completeness of the review, a second, more in-depth literature search was performed using the same electronic database with the search inquiries of increased specificity. Results: The information on pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features and risk factors was extracted and formed the basis for this review. Despite how widespread sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease are, there is no systematic information about their association with neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, impulse control disorders, apathy, cognitive impairment and psychosis. In this review, we described relationships between these non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, their timeline occurrence, gap in knowledge and perspectives for further research. We suppose that early treatment of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease can reduce the incidence and extent of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: We have demonstrated multiple, multidirectional relationships between sleep disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, some of them remain unexplored. The described knowledge can be applied to further study the possibility of influencing neuropsychiatric symptoms through the correction of sleep disorders in patients with different stages of Parkinson's disease.
References
1.
Martin GP, McDonald KR, Allsop D, Diggle PJ, Leroi I. Apathy as a behavioural marker of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Neurology. 2020;267(1):214–27.
2.
Yan Y, Lei K, Li Y, Liu X, Chang Y. The correlation between possible RBD and cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease patients in China. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2019;6(5):848–53.
3.
Breen DP, Lang AE. Tracking the course of prodromal Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2017;140(2):259–62.
4.
Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Hu M, Högl B, Boeve BF, Manni R, et al. Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. Brain. 2019;142(3):744–59.
5.
Chahine LM, Xie SX, Simuni T, Tran B, Postuma R, Amara A, et al. Longitudinal changes in cognition in early Parkinson’s disease patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016;27:102–6.
6.
Aarsland D, Creese B, Politis M, Chaudhuri KR, ffytche DH, Weintraub D, et al. Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2017;13(4):217–31.
7.
Singroha V, Dhar S, Jeenger J, Sharma M, Mathur D. Psychiatric morbidity, cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in drug-naive patients with Parkinson’s disease: A comparative study. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2019;28(1):13.
8.
Piao YS, Lian TH, Hu Y, Zuo LJ, Guo P, Yu SY, et al. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson disease: Clinical characteristics, abnormal iron metabolism and altered neurotransmitters. Scientific Reports. 7(1).
9.
Barber TR, Muhammed K, Drew D, Lawton M, Crabbe M, Rolinski M, et al. Apathy in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is common and under‐recognized. European Journal of Neurology. 2018;25(3):469.
10.
Bugalho P, Lampreia T, Miguel R, Mendonça MD, Caetano A, Barbosa R. Non-Motor symptoms in Portuguese Parkinson’s Disease patients: correlation and impact on Quality of Life and Activities of Daily Living. Scientific Reports. 6(1).
11.
Cummings J, Ritter A, Rothenberg K. Advances in Management of Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2019;21(8).
12.
Wei W, Ruan J, Duan X, Luo H. Emotional Processing Impairments in Apathetic Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: An ERP Study in Early Time Windows. Parkinson’s Disease. 2019;2019:1–9.
13.
Carrarini C, Russo M, Dono F, Di Pietro M, Rispoli MG, Di Stefano V, et al. A Stage-Based Approach to Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules. 9(8):388.
14.
Marques A, Figorilli M, Pereira B, Derost P, Debilly B, Beudin P, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease patients with RLS: a cross sectional-study. Sleep Medicine. 2018;48:148–54.
15.
Baig F, Kelly MJ, Lawton MA, Ruffmann C, Rolinski M, Klein JC, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease and RBD. Neurology. 2019;93(7).
16.
Fantini ML, Macedo L, Zibetti M, Sarchioto M, Vidal T, Pereira B, et al. Increased risk of impulse control symptoms in Parkinson’s disease with REM sleep behaviour disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2015;86(2):174–9.
17.
Bellosta Diago E, Lopez del Val LJ, Santos Lasaosa S, López Garcia E, Viloria Alebesque A. Association between REM sleep behaviour disorder and impulse control disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurología (English Edition). 2017;32(8):494–9.
18.
Martinez‐Martin P, Wan YM, Ray Chaudhuri K, Schrag AE, Weintraub D. Impulse control and related behaviors in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. European Journal of Neurology. 2020;27(6):944–50.
19.
Sierra M, Carnicella S, Strafella AP, Bichon A, Lhommée E, Castrioto A, et al. Apathy and Impulse Control Disorders: Yin & Yang of Dopamine Dependent Behaviors. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2015;5(3):625–36.
20.
Szatmari S, Min-Woo Illigens B, Siepmann T, Pinter A, Takats A, Bereczki D. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in untreated Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. Volume 13:815–26.
21.
Grover S, Somaiya M, Kumar S, Avasthi A. Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2015;6(01):065–76.
22.
Starchenko G, RM SAD. The Degree of Pineal Gland Calcification in the Aged People is Associated with Changes in the Internal Structure. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 2021;14(2):841–4.
23.
Zhang T mei, Yu S yang, Guo P, Du Y, Hu Y, Piao Y shan, et al. Nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease. Medicine. 2016;95(50):e5400.
24.
Shkodina AD, Tan SC, Hasan MM, Abdelgawad M, Chopra H, Bilal M, et al. Roles of clock genes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022;74:101554.
25.
Rodrigues TM, Castro Caldas A, Ferreira JJ. Pharmacological interventions for daytime sleepiness and sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016;27:25–34.
26.
Shkodina AD, Tarianyk KA, Boiko DI, Zehravi M, Akter S, Md. Ashraf G, et al. Cognitive and affective disturbances in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Perspectives for classifying of motor/neuropsychiatric subtypes. Neuroscience Letters. 2022;781:136675.
27.
Savchenko LG, Digtiar NI, Selikhova LG, Kaidasheva EI, Shlykova OA, Vesnina LE, et al. Liraglutide exerts an anti-inflammatory action in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2019;57(3):233–40.
28.
Kip E, Parr-Brownlie LC. Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson’s disease. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022;78:101618.
29.
Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2017;18(7):435–50.
30.
Lee AH, Weintraub D. Psychosis in Parkinson’s disease without dementia: Common and comorbid with other non‐motor symptoms. Movement Disorders. 2012;27(7):858–63.
31.
Vargas AP, Cardoso FEC. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 76(6):399–410.
32.
ffytche DH, Pereira JB, Ballard C, Chaudhuri KR, Weintraub D, Aarsland D. Risk factors for early psychosis in PD: insights from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2017;88(4):325–31.
33.
Taddei RN, Cankaya S, Dhaliwal S, Chaudhuri KR. Management of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease: Emphasizing Clinical Subtypes and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Condition. Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;2017:1–18.
34.
Cederberg KL, Brinkley EB, Belotserkovkaya N, Memon RA, Motl RW, Amara AW. Does restless legs syndrome impact cognitive function via sleep quality in adults with Parkinson’s disease? International Journal of Neuroscience. 2020;130(4):322–9.
35.
Ruiz-Gayo M, Olmo ND. Interaction Between Circadian Rhythms, Energy Metabolism, and Cognitive Function. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2020;26(20):2416–25.
36.
Jin H, Zhang JR, Shen Y, Liu CF. Clinical Significance of REM Sleep Behavior Disorders and Other Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinsonism. Neuroscience Bulletin. 2017;33(5):576–84.
37.
Sobreira EST, Sobreira‐Neto MA, Pena‐Pereira MA, Chagas MHN, Fernandes RMF, Eckeli AL, et al. Global cognitive performance is associated with sleep efficiency measured by polysomnography in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2019;73(5):248–53.
38.
Pushpanathan ME, Loftus AM, Thomas MG, Gasson N, Bucks RS. The relationship between sleep and cognition in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2016;26:21–32.
39.
Zhu J, Zhong M, Yan J, Jiang X, Wu Z, Pan Y, et al. Nonmotor Symptoms Affect Sleep Quality in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease Patients With or Without Cognitive Dysfunction. Frontiers in Neurology. 11.
40.
Huang P, Guan X, Guo T, Zeng Q, Xuan M, Gu Q, et al. Damaged Insula Network Contributes to Depression in Parkinson’s Disease. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11.
41.
Rutten S, Vriend C, HW B. Anxiety, depression and sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a complex interaction between body and mind. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2020;62(1):62–72.
42.
Kay DB, Tanner JJ, Bowers D. Sleep disturbances and depression severity in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Behavior. 2018;8(6).
43.
Murphy MJ, Peterson MJ. Sleep Disturbances in Depression. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2015;10(1):17–23.
44.
Hadoush H, Al-Sharman A, Khalil H, Banihani SA, Al-Jarrah M. Sleep Quality, Depression, and Quality of Life After Bilateral Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research. 24:198–205.
45.
Dobkin RD, Mann SL, Gara MA, Interian A, Rodriguez KM, Menza M. Telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2020;94(16).
46.
Prell T, Teschner U, Witte OW, Kunze A. Current and Desired Quality of Life in People with Parkinson’s Disease: The Calman Gap Increases with Depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9(5):1496.
47.
Marín‐Lahoz J, Sampedro F, Martinez‐Horta S, Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J. Depression as a Risk Factor for Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson Disease. Annals of Neurology. 2019;86(5):762–9.
48.
Custodio N, Alva-Diaz C, Morán-Mariños C, Mejía-Rojas K, Lira D, Montesinos R, et al. Factors associated with depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease A multicenter study in Lima, Peru. Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 12(3):292–8.
49.
Dujardin K, Sgambato V. Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: What Do We Know About the Role of Dopaminergic and Non-dopaminergic Systems? Frontiers in Neuroscience. 14.
50.
Sauerbier A, Jenner P, Todorova A, Chaudhuri KR. Non motor subtypes and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016;22:S41–6.
51.
Zhu K, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J. Associated and predictive factors of depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology. 2016;263(6):1215–25.
52.
Liao H, Fan J, Shen Q, Cai S, Wang M, Wang C, et al. Alterations of Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Parkinson’s Disease With Depression: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 14.
53.
Chahine LM, Amara AW, Videnovic A. A systematic review of the literature on disorders of sleep and wakefulness in Parkinson’s disease from 2005 to 2015. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2017;35:33–50.
54.
Ehgoetz Martens KA, Lewis SJG. Pathology of behavior in PD: What is known and what is not? Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2017;374:9–16.
55.
Belaid H, Adrien J, Karachi C, Hirsch EC, François C. Effect of melatonin on sleep disorders in a monkey model of Parkinson’s disease. Sleep Medicine. 2015;16(10):1245–51.
56.
Afzali A, Mohandes M, Goli S, Bagheri H, Mirhosseini S, Ebrahimi H. Effect of zinc supplement on sleep quality in older adults: A randomized clinical trial study. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis. 2022;39(2):185–97.
57.
Selvaraj VK, Keshavamurthy B. Sleep Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(2).
58.
Tarianyk KA, Lytvynenko NV, Shkodina AD, Kaidashev IP. THE ROLE OF CIRCADIAN REGULATION OF GHRELIN LEVELS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE (LITERATURE REVIEW). Wiadomości Lekarskie. 2021;74(7):1750–3.
59.
Boiko DI, Shkodina AD, Hasan MM, Bardhan M, Kazmi SK, Chopra H, et al. Melatonergic Receptors (Mt1/Mt2) as a Potential Additional Target of Novel Drugs for Depression. Neurochemical Research. 2022;47(10):2909–24.
60.
Stojanović N, Nikolić G, Todorovska M, Ranđelović P, Stojiljković N, Radulović N. Anxiety disorders: Where do we stand now? Current medicamentous treatment knowledge and future perspectives. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis. 2019;36(2):91–101.
61.
Barone P, Antonini A, Stanzione P, Annoni K, Asgharnejad M, Bonuccelli U. Risk factors for impulse control disorders and related behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: secondary analyses of the ICARUS study. Journal of Drug Assessment. 2019;8(1):159–66.
62.
Choi JH, Lee JY, Jeon B, Koh SB, Yoon WT, Lee HW, et al. Neuropsychiatric Traits Associated with Refractory Impulse Control Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurodegenerative Diseases. 2019;19(5–6):171–7.
63.
You S, Jeon SM, Do SY, Cho YW. Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Clinical Features Including Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Neurology. 2019;15(3):321.
64.
Liu Y, Zhu XY, Zhang XJ, Kuo SH, Ondo WG, Wu YC. Clinical features of Parkinson’s disease with and without rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2017;6(1).
65.
Fifel K, Videnovic A. Chronotherapies for Parkinson’s disease. Progress in Neurobiology. 2019;174:16–27.
66.
Rutten S, van der Ven PM, Weintraub D, Pontone GM, Leentjens AFG, Berendse HW, et al. Predictors of anxiety in early-stage Parkinson’s disease – Results from the first two years of a prospective cohort study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2017;43:49–55.
67.
Rutten S, Vriend C, van der Werf YD, Berendse HW, Weintraub D, van den Heuvel OA. The bidirectional longitudinal relationship between insomnia, depression and anxiety in patients with early-stage, medication-naïve Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2017;39:31–6.
68.
Martini A, Dal Lago D, Edelstyn NMJ, Grange JA, Tamburin S. Impulse Control Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Correlates. Frontiers in Neurology. 9.
69.
Fan JY, Chang BL, Wu YR. Relationships among Depression, Anxiety, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease in Taiwan. Parkinson’s Disease. 2016;2016:1–8.
70.
Seppi K, Ray Chaudhuri K, Coelho M, Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Perez Lloret S, et al. Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease—an evidence‐based medicine review. Movement Disorders. 2019;34(2):180–98.
71.
Vieira JCF, Bassani TB, Santiago RM, de O. Guaita G, Zanoveli JM, da Cunha C, et al. Anxiety-like behavior induced by 6-OHDA animal model of Parkinson’s disease may be related to a dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems in brain areas related to anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research. 2019;371:111981.
72.
Weintraub D, Simuni T, Caspell‐Garcia C, Coffey C, Lasch S, Siderowf A, et al. Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2015;30(7):919–27.
73.
Tucker RM, Ryan S, Hayee BH, Bjarnason I, Augustin AD, Umamahesan C, et al. Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9(6):1916.
74.
Arango C, Buitelaar JK, Fegert JM, Olivier V, Pénélaud PF, Marx U, et al. Safety and efficacy of agomelatine in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder receiving psychosocial counselling: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial in nine countries. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):113–24.
75.
Rutten S, Vriend C, Smit JH, Berendse HW, Hoogendoorn AW, van den Heuvel OA, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of bright light therapy on depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1).
76.
Palmeri R, Lo Buono V, Bonanno L, Sorbera C, Cimino V, Bramanti P, et al. Potential predictors of quality of life in Parkinson’s Disease: Sleep and mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2019;70:113–7.
77.
Rana AQ, Qureshi ARM, Shamli Oghli Y, Saqib Y, Mohammed B, Sarfraz Z, et al. Decreased sleep quality in Parkinson’s patients is associated with higher anxiety and depression prevalence and severity, and correlates with pain intensity and quality. Neurological Research. :1–6.
78.
Martinez‐Martin P, Rizos AM, Wetmore JB, Antonini A, Odin P, Pal S, et al. Relationship of Nocturnal Sleep Dysfunction and Pain Subtypes in Parkinson’s Disease. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2019;6(1):57–64.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
