Herbs have been a vital renewable source of medicine throughout human history as a large proportion of the global population still depends on them for their health benefits. The increasing popularity of herbal supplements has raised an obvious concern about the overall safety and potential interaction with other drugs in situ. The intent was to spur future research on herb-drug interactions as well as the mechanisms of interaction to understand the consequences of such interactions. The review was conducted by a systematic search of relevant literature using the databases of Google Scholar, Science Direct, Mendeley, Scopus, and PubMed. Publications written in English were used. Many herbal products are reported to exhibit herb-drug interaction with known orthodox medicines. The inhibition-induction mechanism triggers chain reactions which often result in reduced drug bioavailability, toxicities, or undesirable side effects. Some herbal phytoconstituents reportedly bind CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A1 among numerous others temporarily or irreversibly. The study was concluded by reiterating the imperativeness to routinely and regularly inform both physicians and patients of the inherent dangers such as reduced efficacy and increased toxicities associated with herb-drug interactions (HDI). Herb users should be regularly advised on the appropriate use of herbal supplements to avoid the risk of adverse drug interactions during co-administrations or in combination therapies. As both synergistic and antagonistic effects could be observed in HDI, further preclinical and clinical empirical studies are required to underscore the mechanism and extent of HDI.

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential in healthcare management by enhancing predictive analytics, optimizing resource allocation, and supporting clinical decision-making. This study aims to examine the applications of AI in Serbian healthcare institutions, focusing on improving operational efficiency and patient outcomes. The research employed a cross-sectional survey conducted among 450 healthcare professionals from various levels of healthcare in Serbia (primary, secondary, and tertiary). Data were collected via an online survey during October and November 2024. Statistical analysis included methods such as ANOVA and regression analysis to evaluate the impact of AI on diagnostic accuracy, resource optimization, and patient satisfaction. The study found that AI implementation positively impacts diagnostic accuracy (88% of respondents), resource optimization (82%), and patient satisfaction (79%). Differences were observed between urban and rural areas, as well as between public and private healthcare institutions. Major challenges identified include the lack of training (75%), data privacy concerns (68%), and limited infrastructure (70%). The study confirms that AI holds significant potential to improve healthcare in Serbia, particularly in urban and private institutions with better infrastructure. However, addressing challenges related to training, data privacy, and infrastructure is crucial, especially in rural areas. A phased approach to AI implementation is recommended, focusing initially on diagnostics and resource management to maximize healthcare performance.

Restoring the morphological and functional integrity of damaged or lost teeth and replacing them with suitable materials remains a significant challenge in modern dentistry. A continuous development of new restorative materials aims to improve mechanical properties, aesthetic outcomes, and longevity of dental restorations, while minimizing adverse biological effects. Biocompatibility represents a fundamental requirement of all dental materials, referring to their ability to perform a specific function in the oral environment without eliciting undesirable local or systemic tissue responses. The oral mucosa, including the lips, is constantly exposed to numerous physical, chemical, and biological agents that may act as irritants or sensitizers. Given that most dental materials are designed for prolonged intraoral use, their continuous contact with oral tissues can influence mucosal integrity and function. Clinical manifestations of adverse reactions vary in severity and presentation, often depending on the material composition, exposure duration, and individual patient sensitivity. Local tissue reactions associated with dental materials include conditions such as oral stomatitis, mechanical trauma, thermal and chemical burns, toxic effects, and allergic reactions. Accurate diagnosis and identification of the underlying causative factor are essential for selecting appropriate therapeutic measures and preventing complications. The growing demand for aesthetic and durable restorations underscores the importance of continuous evaluation and improvement of material biocompatibility in contemporary dental practice.