Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by impaired glycemic control, which increases the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic complications. Exercise is a key non-pharmacological intervention known to improve blood glucose regulation, but the acute effects of different exercise modalities on glycemic control in T2DM remain unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze and synthesize the existing body of research on the acute effects of various exercise modalities on glycemic control in patients with T2DM. This systematic review included studies involving adults (≥ 18 years) with T2DM where structured exercise program is the primary or significant intervention, assessing outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, and fasting glucose). A comprehensive search was conducted across two electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) using structured search terms like "acute", "exercise", "type 2 diabetes", and "glycemic control". Study selection involved two independent reviewers screening articles, with disagreements resolved through discussion or third-party consultation, followed by detailed data extraction on study characteristics, intervention details, and outcomes. Ten studies were identified that met all inclusion criteria. This systematic review highlights that moderate intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training have positive acute effects on glycemic control in individuals with T2DM. These findings suggest that both modalities are effective non-pharmacological strategies for optimizing glycemic control in patients T2DM.

Approximately 50% of embryo transfer cycles are performed as frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles; however, research on the factors influencing pregnancy rates in these cycles is limited in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing the clinical pregnancy rate in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) FET cycles among infertile women. This descriptive-analytical observational study analyzed HRT FET cycles of 429 infertile couples whose embryos were obtained by microinjection at two in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers in Sari, northern Iran, from April 2015 to March 2019. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The mean ± SD age of women and men was 32 ± 2.52 and 36 ± 1.62 years, respectively. The mean ± SD age of women at the time of oocyte collection was 31.06 ± 5.3 years. Among the 429 patients, 171 cases (39.9%) achieved chemical pregnancy and 156 cases (36.3%) achieved clinical pregnancy. Multivariate regression analysis revealed significant differences between the clinically pregnant and non-pregnant groups (p < 0.05) in factors such as the woman's age at oocyte retrieval, duration of infertility, occupation, body mass index (BMI), developmental stage of the transferred embryo, type of catheter used for transfer, and embryo grade. The study concluded that younger maternal age at oocyte retrieval, shorter duration of infertility, optimal BMI, higher embryo grade, and appropriate selection of transfer techniques are key determinants of achieving clinical pregnancy in HRT-FET cycles. These findings can guide specialists in optimizing FET protocols to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Restoring the morphological and functional integrity of damaged or lost teeth and replacing them with suitable materials remains a significant challenge in modern dentistry. A continuous development of new restorative materials aims to improve mechanical properties, aesthetic outcomes, and longevity of dental restorations, while minimizing adverse biological effects. Biocompatibility represents a fundamental requirement of all dental materials, referring to their ability to perform a specific function in the oral environment without eliciting undesirable local or systemic tissue responses. The oral mucosa, including the lips, is constantly exposed to numerous physical, chemical, and biological agents that may act as irritants or sensitizers. Given that most dental materials are designed for prolonged intraoral use, their continuous contact with oral tissues can influence mucosal integrity and function. Clinical manifestations of adverse reactions vary in severity and presentation, often depending on the material composition, exposure duration, and individual patient sensitivity. Local tissue reactions associated with dental materials include conditions such as oral stomatitis, mechanical trauma, thermal and chemical burns, toxic effects, and allergic reactions. Accurate diagnosis and identification of the underlying causative factor are essential for selecting appropriate therapeutic measures and preventing complications. The growing demand for aesthetic and durable restorations underscores the importance of continuous evaluation and improvement of material biocompatibility in contemporary dental practice.