Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Enright PL, Manfreda J. Hospitalizations and Mortality in the Lung Health Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002;166(3):333–9.
2.
Roversi S, Roversi P, Spadafora G, Rossi R, Fabbri LM. Coronary artery disease concomitant with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2014;44(1):93–102.
3.
García-Olmos L, Alberquilla Á, Ayala V, García-Sagredo P, Morales L, Carmona M, et al. Comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in family practice: a cross sectional study. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14(1).
4.
Divo M, Cote C, de Torres JP, Casanova C, Marin JM, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Comorbidities and Risk of Mortality in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012;186(2):155–61.
5.
de Lucas-Ramos P, Luis Izquierdo-Alonso J, Rodríguez-González Moro JM, Bellón-Cano JM, Ancochea-Bermúdez J, Calle-Rubio M, et al. Asociación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y EPOC. Resultados de un estudio epidemiológico (estudio ARCE). Archivos de Bronconeumología. 2008;44(5):233–8.
6.
Bertoletti L, Quenet S, Mismetti P, Hernández L, Martín-Villasclaras JJ, Tolosa C, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of venous thromboembolism in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. 2012;39(4):862–8.
7.
Brekke PH, Omland T, Smith P, Søyseth V. Underdiagnosis of myocardial infarction in COPD – Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) in patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation. Respiratory Medicine. 2008;102(9):1243–7.
8.
BOSCHETTO P, BEGHÉ B, FABBRI LM, CECONI C. Link between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease: Implication for clinical practice. Respirology. 2012;17(3):422–31.
9.
Reed RM, Eberlein M, Girgis RE, Hashmi S, Iacono A, Jones S, et al. Coronary Artery Disease Is Under-diagnosed and Under-treated in Advanced Lung Disease. The American Journal of Medicine. 2012;125(12):1228.e13-1228.e22.
10.
Roca M, Verduri A, Corbetta L, Clini E, Fabbri LM, Beghé B. Mechanisms of acute exacerbation of respiratory symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2013;43(5):510–21.
11.
McMurray JJV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal. 2012;33(14):1787–847.
12.
Appleton S, Jones T, Poole P, Lasserson TJ, Adams R, Smith BJ, et al. Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
13.
Kido T, Tamagawa E, Bai N, Suda K, Yang HHC, Li Y, et al. Particulate Matter Induces Translocation of IL-6 from the Lung to the Systemic Circulation. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2011;44(2):197–204.
14.
Huiart L, Ernst P, Ranouil X, Suissa S. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. 2005;25(4):634–9.
15.
Calverley PMA, Anderson JA, Celli B, Ferguson GT, Jenkins C, Jones PW, et al. Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH Study results. Thorax. 2010;65(8):719–25.
16.
Vestbo J, Anderson J, Brook RD, Calverley PMA, Celli BR, Crim C, et al. The Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in COPD (SUMMIT) study protocol. European Respiratory Journal. 2013;41(5):1017–22.
17.
Etminan M, Jafari S, Carleton B, FitzGerald JM. Beta-blocker use and COPD mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2012;12(1).
18.
Decramer M, Hanania, Lötvall J, Yawn B. The safety of long-acting ß2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. :53.
19.
Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke Following Exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(5):1091–7.
20.
Lahousse L, Loth DW, Joos GF, Hofman A, Leufkens HGM, Brusselle GG, et al. Statins, systemic inflammation and risk of death in COPD: The Rotterdam study. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2013;26(2):212–7.
21.
Mortensen EM, Copeland LA, Pugh MJV, Restrepo MI, de Molina RM, Nakashima B, et al. Impact of statins and ACE inhibitors on mortality after COPD exacerbations. Respiratory Research. 2009;10(1).
22.
Mancini GBJ, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque LE, FitzGerald JM, Brophy JM. Reduction of Morbidity and Mortality by Statins, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006;47(12):2554–60.
23.
Held C, Iqbal R, Lear SA, Rosengren A, Islam S, Mathew J, et al. Physical activity levels, ownership of goods promoting sedentary behaviour and risk of myocardial infarction: results of the INTERHEART study. European Heart Journal. 2012;33(4):452–66.
24.
Ciric Z, Stankovic I, Pejcic T. Nutrition disorders and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Glas. 2013;10(2):266–71.
25.
Radovic M, Ristic L, Ciric Z, Dinic Radovic V, Stankovic I, Pejcic T, et al. Changes in respiratory function impairment following the treatment of severe pulmonary tuberculosis – limitations for the underlying COPD detection. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. :1307.
26.
Stanković I, Ćirić Z, Radović M. Asthma exacerbations and viruses. Acta Fac Med Naiss. 2011;28(4):241–4.
27.
Hogg JC, Timens W. The Pathology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2009;4(1):435–59.
28.
Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S, Mapel DW. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in COPD. Chest. 2013;144(4):1163–78.
29.
Finkelstein J, Cha E, Scharf S. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. :337.
30.
Hua C, Dong-Mei M, Zhi-Min W, Jian-Fang C, Yi L, Ai-Min L, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in subjects hospitalized due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing from 2000 to 2010. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2012;9(1):5–10.
31.
Quint J. The Relationship between COPD and Cardiovascular Disease. Tanaffos. 2017;16(Suppl 1):16–7.
32.
Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Mannino DM, Presley-Cantrell L, Li C, Croft JB. Elevated cardiovascular risk among adults with obstructive and restrictive airway functioning in the United States: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007–2010. Respiratory Research. 2012;13(1):115.
33.
Bursi F, Vassallo R, Weston SA, Killian JM, Roger VL. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after myocardial infarction in the community. American Heart Journal. 2010;160(1):95–101.
34.
Cao C, Wang R, Wang J, Bunjhoo H, Xu Y, Xiong W. Body Mass Index and Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 7(8):e43892.
35.
Singh D, Agusti A, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, Celli BR, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: the GOLD science committee report 2019. European Respiratory Journal. 2019;53(5):1900164.
36.
Díez-Manglano J, Barquero-Romero J, Almagro P, Cabrera FJ, López García F, et al. COPD patients with and without metabolic syndrome: clinical and functional differences. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2014;9(4):419–25.
37.
Yuji H, Toshiyuki Y, Noritsugu H, Ryuji S, Hiroyuki S, Takashi I, et al. Clinical and inflammatory factors associated with body mass index in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2011;11(1):32–8.
38.
O’Donnell CJ, Elosua R. Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Insights From Framingham Heart Study. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition). 2008;61(3):299–310.
39.
Poulain M. The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;174(9):1293–9.
40.
Camiciottoli G, Bigazzi F, Magni C, Bonti V, Diciotti S, Bartolucci M, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities according to predominant phenotype and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Volume 11:2229–36.
41.
Schnell K, Weiss CO, Lee T, Krishnan JA, Leff B, Wolff JL, et al. The prevalence of clinically-relevant comorbid conditions in patients with physician-diagnosed COPD: a cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 1999–2008. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2012;12(1).
42.
Morgan AD, Zakeri R, Quint JK. Defining the relationship between COPD and CVD: what are the implications for clinical practice? Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease. 2018;12.
43.
Marchetti N, Ciccolella DE, Jacobs MR, Crookshank A, Gaughan JP, Kashem MA, et al. Hospitalized Acute Exacerbation of COPD Impairs Flow and Nitroglycerin-Mediated Peripheral Vascular Dilation. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2011;8(2):60–5.
44.
van Eeden SF, Sin DD. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Chronic Systemic Inflammatory Disease. Respiration. 2008;75(2):224–38.
45.
Sevenoaks MJ, Stockley RA. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, inflammation and co-morbidity – a common inflammatory phenotype? Respiratory Research. 2006;7(1).
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
