SummaryThe present study aimed to examine the factors affecting the possible changes in serum fetuin-A in patients with preeclampsia (PE). The examined factors included the parameters of insulin resistance (IR) [(insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S), insulin resistance (HOMA2IR), and beta-cell functions (HOMA%B)], which were calculated using the HOMA2 calculator, and total and ionized calcium and magnesium levels. Sixty PE patients and thirty healthy pregnant women, which comprised the study group and control group, respectively participated in the present study. Fetuin-A, estradiol, insulin, glucose, total and ionized calcium and magnesium, total protein, albumin, and globulins were measured in their sera. The results of the present study showed that serum total and ionized magnesium and the I.Ca/Mg ratio decreased in PE women. Although the fasting insulin level and HOMA2IR were higher and HOMA2%S was lower in PE compared with the control women, PE did not appear as an overt insulin-resistant state. Serum fetuin-A was low in PE patients compared with the control group because PE women had proteinuria. Fetuin-A levels were not correlated with the characteristics and IR parameters, cations, and estradiol levels, but it was correlated with the severity of proteinuria. These results confirmed the hypothesis that proteinuria results in the loss of fetuin-A because it has a low molecular weight.
References
1.
Hofmeyr G, Duley L, Atallah A. Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre‐eclampsia and related problems: a systematic review and commentary. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2007;114(8):933–43.
2.
Song A, Xu M, Bi Y, Xu Y, Huang Y, Li M, et al. Serum Fetuin-A Associates with Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance in Chinese Adults. PLoS ONE. 6(4):e19228.
3.
Wang H, E. Sama A. Anti-Inflammatory Role of Fetuin-A in Injury and Infection. Current Molecular Medicine. 2012;12(5):625–33.
4.
Bodnar LM, Siega-Riz AM, Simhan HN, Himes KP, Abrams B. Severe obesity, gestational weight gain, and adverse birth outcomes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;91(6):1642–8.
5.
Olooto WE, Amballi AA, Mosuro AO, Adeleye AA, Banjo TA. Assessment of Total Protein, Albumin, Creatinine and Aspartate Transaminase level in Toxemia of Pregnancy. Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;13(8):791–6.
6.
Tersigni C, Franceschi F, Todros T, Cardaropoli S, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Insights into the Role of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Preeclampsia: From the Bench to the Bedside. Frontiers in Immunology. 5.
7.
Enli Y, Fenkci SM, Fenkci V, Oztekin O. Serum Fetuin-A levels, insulin resistance and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2013;29(12):1036–9.
8.
BROWN WM, DZIEGIELEWSKA KM, SAUNDERS NR, CHRISTIE DL, NAWRATIL P, MÜLLER‐ESTERL W. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid structures of sheep and pig fetuin. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1992;205(1):321–31.
9.
Auberger P, Falquerho L, Contreres JO, Pages G, Cam GL, Rossi B, et al. Characterization of a natural inhibitor of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase: cDNA cloning, purification, and anti-mitogenic activity. Cell. 1989;58(4):631–40.
10.
Kalabay L, Jakab L, Prohászka Z, Füst G, Benkö Z, Telegdy L, et al. Human fetuin/α2HS-glycoprotein level as a novel indicator of liver cell function and short-term mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002;14(4):389–94.
11.
Lampinen KH, Rönnback M, Groop PH, Kaaja RJ. A Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Vasodilation in Women With a History of Preeclamptic Pregnancy. Hypertension. 2008;52(2):394–401.
12.
Jain S, Sharma P, Kulshreshtha S, Mohan G, Singh S. The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Pre-Eclampsia. Biological Trace Element Research. 2010;133(2):162–70.
13.
Aylin SARI, Turan USLU2. The Relationship Between Fetuin-A and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Archives of Rheumatology. 28(3):195–201.
14.
Ix JH, Biggs ML, Mukamal KJ, Kizer JR, Zieman SJ, Siscovick DS, et al. Association of Fetuin-A With Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Community-Living Older Adults. Circulation. 2012;125(19):2316–22.
15.
Dickerson R, Alexander K, Minard G, Croce M, Brown R. Accuracy of methods to estimate ionized and “corrected” serum calcium concentrations in critically ill multiple trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2004;28(3):133–41.
16.
Di Renzo GC. The Great Obstetrical Syndromes. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2009;22(8):633–5.
17.
Richards D, Lindow S, Carrara H, Knight R, Haswell S, Van der Spuy Z. A comparison of maternal calcium and magnesium levels in pre‐eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies: an observational case–control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2014;121(3):327–36.
18.
SIBAI B, DEKKER G, KUPFERMINC M. Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet. 2005;365(9461):785–99.
19.
Jahnen-Dechent W, Heiss A, Schäfer C, Ketteler M. Fetuin-A Regulation of Calcified Matrix Metabolism. Circulation Research. 2011;108(12):1494–509.
20.
Laughlin GA, Cummins KM, Wassel CL, Daniels LB, Ix JH. The Association of Fetuin-A With Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Older Community-Dwelling Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012;59(19):1688–96.
21.
Bilano VL, Ota E, Ganchimeg T, Mori R, Souza JP. Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia and Its Adverse Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A WHO Secondary Analysis. PLoS ONE. 9(3):e91198.
22.
Ephraim RKD, Osakunor DNM, Denkyira SW, Eshun H, Amoah S, Anto EO. Serum calcium and magnesium levels in women presenting with pre-eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension: a case–control study in the Cape Coast metropolis, Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2014;14(1).
23.
Erdmann J, Salmhofer H, Knauß A, Mayr M, Wagenpfeil S, Sypchenko O, et al. Relationship of fetuin-A levels to weight-dependent insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regulatory Peptides. 2012;178(1–3):6–10.
24.
Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Brandenburg VM, Ali S, Ketteler M, Whooley MA. Association Between Human Fetuin-A and the Metabolic Syndrome. Circulation. 2006;113(14):1760–7.
25.
Hashimoto S, Miwa M, Akasofu K, Nishida E. Changes in 40 serum proteins of post-menopausal women. Maturitas. 1991;13(1):23–33.
26.
Jung CH, Kim BY, Kim CH, Kang SK, Jung SH, Mok JO. Associations of serum fetuin-A levels with insulin resistance and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research. 2013;10(5):459–67.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
